• In general, you have to be eligible for the group health plan. For example, your employer may not give health benefits to all employees. Or, your employer may offer an HMO plan that you cannot join because you live outside of the plan’s service area.
• You cannot be turned away or charged more because of your health status. Health status means your medical condition or history, genetic information, or disability. This protection is called nondiscrimination. Employers may refuse or restrict coverage for other reasons (for example, if you work less than 30 hours per week or only on a temporary basis), as long as these are unrelated to health status and applied consistently.

Discrimination due to health status is not permitted

The Acme Company has 200 employees and offers two different health plans. Full time employees are offered a high option plan that covers prescription drugs; part time employees are offered a low option plan that does not. This is permitted under the law. By contrast, in a cost-cutting move, Acme restricts its high option plan to those employees who can pass a physical examination. This is not permitted under the law.

• You must be given a special opportunity to sign up for your group health plan if certain changes happen to your family. In addition to any regular enrollment period your employer or group health plan offers, you must be offered a special, 30-day opportunity to enroll in your group health plan after certain events. You can elect coverage at this time. If your group plan offers family coverage, your dependents can elect coverage as well. Enrollment during a special enrollment period is not considered late enrollment.

Certain changes can trigger a special enrollment opportunity

• The birth, adoption, or placement for adoption of a child
• Marriage
• Loss of other health insurance (for example, that you or your dependents had through yourself or another family member and lost because of death, divorce, legal separation, termination, retirement, or reduction in hours worked)

• Under Alabama law, newborns are automatically covered under your fully insured small group health plan if the plan covers dependents. Generally, the automatic period of coverage lasts for the first 31 days following the birth, however the length of this covered period may vary plan to plan. The insurer may require that the parent enroll the child within a certain number of days in order to continue coverage beyond the automatic period of coverage.
• Your disabled child can remain covered under your fully insured small group health plan after he or she reaches the age at which dependent coverage usually terminates. To qualify, your adult son or daughter must be medically certified as being disabled and dependent on you financially.
• When you begin a new job, your employer may require a waiting period before you can sign up for health coverage. These waiting periods, however, must be applied consistently and cannot vary due to your health status. You will not health insurance coverage during this time.
• When you begin a new job with health insurance through an HMO, the HMO may require a waiting period before the coverage begins. During this affiliation period, you will not health insurance coverage. The HMO also cannot impose any pre-existing condition exclusions if it imposes an affiliation period. An HMO affiliation period cannot exceed 2 months (3 months for late enrollees), and you cannot be charged a premium during this time.
• If you have to take leave from your job due to illness, the birth or adoption of a child, or to care for a seriously ill family member, you may be able to keep your group health coverage for a limited time. A federal law known as the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) guarantees you up to 12 weeks of job-protected leave in these circumstances.The FMLA applies to you if you work at a company with 50 or more employees.

  If you qualify for leave under the FMLA, your employer must continue your health benefits. You will have to continue paying your share of the premium.

  If you decide not to return to work at the end of the leave period, your employer may require you to pay back the employer’s share of the health insurance premium. However, if you don’t return to work because of factors outside your control (such as a need to continue caring for a sick family member, or because your spouse is transferred to a job in a distant city), you will not have to repay the premium.

  For more information about your rights under the FMLA, contact the U.S. Department of Labor.